How is Russia getting war goods to Syria?

Or, the geography of politics.

The shortest way for Russian aircraft would be from southern Russia, over Georgia, Armenia and Turkey. But two of those countries – Georgia and Turkey -- give a big “No way!” to Russian flights.

So, Russian aircraft fly over the Caspian Sea, into Iranian airspace, and then to bases Syria.

Turkey apparently convinced Russian ally Azerbaijan not to allow Russia to overfly any of the Azeri airspace.

“Turkish Foreign Minister Feridun Sinirlioglu visited Baku earlier this month en route to Russia to meet with his counterpart Sergey Lavrov to discuss Syria. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has strongly opposed Russia's military buildup in Syria, complaining that ‘Some countries have still been sending aircrafts... Two million people have not come to Russia, but they have come to Turkey. We have spent about 6.5 billion dollars for [refugee crisis] until now,’ he said. It seems likely that Sinirlioglu, on his Baku stopover, tried to convince his Azerbaijani allies not to cooperate with Russia's intervention.

http://www.eurasianet.org/node/75301

(With map of area and probable route of Russian aircraft.)